1 Penning 'Kopje' - Reinoud II

Reinoud II of Guelders minted these small deniers during a period of sustained territorial conflict with the bishopric of Utrecht and the duchy of Brabant, financing military campaigns through aggressive exploitation of his minting rights. The "kopje" type — named by later collectors for the small head on the obverse — was struck at multiple Guelders mints, and the vdCh 2#2.14-2.18 range reflects genuine die variation across those facilities rather than a single unified issue.

At roughly 0.40g, these were already underweight against earlier Guelders penning standards, consistent with the fiscal pressures of the period.