1 Penni Civil War Coinage

Finland's 1917 copper pennies occupy an awkward administrative moment: struck under Russian imperial authority while the empire was collapsing, they bear no tsar's cipher for the first time in the series, a deliberate omission reflecting the provisional government's policy after Nicholas II's abdication in March. The Senate declared independence in December of that year, and by January 1918 the country was weeks away from a brutal civil war between the Reds and the Whites that killed roughly 36,000 people in under four months.

The "Civil War Coinage" designation is a collector convention, not an official one — these were struck before the fighting began.