1 Parpagliola - Francesco IV

Francesco IV Gonzaga ruled Mantua for less than nine months in 1612 before dying of smallpox at age twenty-six, making any coinage issued under his name exceptionally scarce by circumstance rather than by minting policy. The parpagliola was a low-denomination billon fraction common to northern Italian states, its value eroded by decades of debasement across the region.

Bignotti MN#14 is among the rarer Mantuan minors of the period precisely because Francesco's reign ended before substantial production could accumulate.