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1 Parpagliola - Alessandro Farnese Old Bust
| Issuer | Duchy of Parma and Piacenza |
|---|---|
| Year | 1586-1592 |
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| Currency | Lira (?-1802) |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | The reverse field presents a devotional or emblematic composition in low relief, heavily worn, with design elements difficult to distinguish with certainty due to the striking quality and subsequent circulation wear. A Latin circumscription reading A M SPECVLVM. runs around the periphery within a beaded border, referencing a mirror device or motto associated with the Farnese emblematic tradition. The overall design is consistent with the small-module hammered billon parpagliola coinage of Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza. |
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| Reverse lettering | A M SPECVLVM. |
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| Additional information |
Alessandro Farnese spent virtually his entire governorship of the Spanish Netherlands commanding Philip II's armies in Flanders, leaving Parma governed largely by deputies. The parpagliola — a small billon denomination common across northern Italian states — continued to circulate as the administrative machinery of the duchy ground on without its nominal ruler present. The "old bust" designation distinguishes this emission from earlier issues, reflecting die progression rather than any formal recoinage.