1 Para - Mahmud II Constantinople

The para denomination by Mahmud II's later reign was a coin almost embarrassingly debased — billon at .170 fine was scarcely distinguishable from copper in daily use. Mahmud had already undertaken sweeping monetary reforms in the early 1830s, attempting to stabilize Ottoman finances after decades of debasement that had hollowed out public trust in imperial coinage. This tiny piece predates the more substantial reforms of 1839, which would come just after his death and form the backbone of the Tanzimat fiscal reorganization.