1 Oord / Liard - Philip IV

Philip IV inherited the Spanish Netherlands in 1621 at age sixteen and spent virtually his entire reign attempting to fund an unwinnable series of wars — the Thirty Years' War, the Franco-Spanish War, and the ongoing Dutch Revolt — through a treasury that was perpetually bankrupt. The copper liard was the workhorse coinage for petty transactions in Flanders throughout this period, struck across a span of decades precisely because silver was too scarce and too needed elsewhere to serve ordinary commerce.

The thirty-six year emission window for KM#36 means dies, moneyers, and mint supervision changed repeatedly, producing considerable variation in planchet quality and strike consistency across the run.