1 Oord / Liard - John II Lions right

Gronsveld was a tiny lordship wedged between the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and the Spanish Netherlands, and its lords exploited that ambiguity aggressively. John II of Bronckhorst-Batenburg, who held Gronsveld from 1586 until his death in 1617, issued copper coinage well beyond any mandate his territory could reasonably claim — a habit shared by dozens of petty lords in the fractured Lower Rhine region during the chaos of the Eighty Years' War, when Spanish monetary authority over the southern provinces was too stretched to enforce minting rights consistently.

The Lucas references 61–63 suggest at least three documented die variations across the issue's three-decade span.