1 Massa - Pandayan

The Pandya dynasty controlled much of the far southern tip of the subcontinent through this period, their power fluctuating sharply against Chola pressure in the 12th century before reasserting dominance after the Chola collapse around 1279. Copper coinage of this type circulated through a trading economy dense with pepper, pearls from the Gulf of Mannar, and textile exports reaching as far as the Arab world and Southeast Asia.

Attribution of individual specimens to specific reigns within this two-century window remains difficult — Pandya copper issues lack the documentary trail that gold and silver carry, and hoard evidence is still being reconciled with dynastic chronology.