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1 Massa - Pandayan
| Issuer | Pandya dynasty |
|---|---|
| Year | 1100-1300 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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|---|---|
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| Reverse description | Two fish are depicted horizontally in the central field, arranged one above the other and oriented in opposite directions, forming a counter-passant arrangement — the twin fish being the paramount dynastic emblem of the Pandya kingdom. A crescent symbol appears in the upper field above the fish, and a sceptre or trident device is visible to the left. Horizontal lines in the lower field may represent water or serve as a ground line. The design is unlettered and set within a plain field with a dotted border on portions of the edge. |
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| Mintage | ND (1100-1300) |
| Additional information |
The Pandya dynasty controlled much of the far southern tip of the subcontinent through this period, their power fluctuating sharply against Chola pressure in the 12th century before reasserting dominance after the Chola collapse around 1279. Copper coinage of this type circulated through a trading economy dense with pepper, pearls from the Gulf of Mannar, and textile exports reaching as far as the Arab world and Southeast Asia.
Attribution of individual specimens to specific reigns within this two-century window remains difficult — Pandya copper issues lack the documentary trail that gold and silver carry, and hoard evidence is still being reconciled with dynastic chronology.