1 Mariengroschen - George III

Brunswick-Lüneburg-Calenberg-Hannover occupied a peculiar constitutional position during this period: George III held it as Elector, not as King, meaning the territory operated under the Holy Roman Empire's legal framework entirely separate from British parliamentary authority. The Mariengroschen — named for the Virgin Mary, a denominational tradition reaching back to 14th-century Göttingen — persisted as small change through decades of Napoleonic disruption, French occupation, and the formal dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, after which Hannover was elevated to a Kingdom under the same Hanoverian crown.