1 Kupang - Sayyid al-Mukammal

Sayyid al-Mukammal — properly Alauddin Riayat Shah IV — ruled Aceh during a period of aggressive commercial expansion, when the sultanate controlled much of the pepper and tin trade through the Strait of Malacca and actively courted the Ottoman Empire as a counterweight to Portuguese Goa. The kupang was Aceh's workhorse trade denomination, small enough to facilitate everyday market transactions in a port economy where fractional gold mattered enormously.

The .708 fineness is consistent across the Acehnese series and likely reflects the practical realities of refining gold from Sumatran alluvial sources rather than a deliberate debasement policy.