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1 Kupang - Sayyid al-Mukammal
| Issuer | Sultanate of Aceh (Indonesian States) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1589-1604 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | علي بن السيد المكمل الطاهر (Translation: Ali bin Sayyid al-Mukammal the pious) |
| Reverse description | Central field bearing a two-line Arabic inscription in the same hammered style as the obverse, proclaiming the ruler's epithet. The legend reads 'al-Sultan al-Adil' (The Just Sultan) and is enclosed within a beaded circle border. The coin surface shows characteristic undulations and flow lines resulting from the hammering process, with the inscription standing in bold relief against the textured field. |
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| Additional information |
Sayyid al-Mukammal — properly Alauddin Riayat Shah IV — ruled Aceh during a period of aggressive commercial expansion, when the sultanate controlled much of the pepper and tin trade through the Strait of Malacca and actively courted the Ottoman Empire as a counterweight to Portuguese Goa. The kupang was Aceh's workhorse trade denomination, small enough to facilitate everyday market transactions in a port economy where fractional gold mattered enormously.
The .708 fineness is consistent across the Acehnese series and likely reflects the practical realities of refining gold from Sumatran alluvial sources rather than a deliberate debasement policy.