1 Kupang - Alauddin Riayat Shah Sayyid al-Qahhar

Al-Qahhar — "the Subduer," one of the names of God — was the regnal title adopted by Aceh's most aggressively expansionist sultan, who spent much of his reign in open warfare against the Portuguese at Malacca and forged direct diplomatic ties with the Ottoman Empire, receiving artillery and military advisors from Constantinople in the 1560s. Gold kupang coinage issued under his authority circulated through a trading network that stretched from the Red Sea to the Java Sea.

The kupang denomination itself is a fractional unit specific to the Malay world, struck at weights calibrated to the local gold trade rather than to any external monetary standard.