1 Kreuzer - Charles Eugen

Charles Eugene ruled Württemberg for over five decades, and his reign was defined less by coinage reform than by ruinous personal expenditure — his court at Ludwigsburg consumed resources on a scale that repeatedly bankrupted the duchy and forced the Estates into prolonged constitutional confrontations with him. The billon kreuzer circulated through all of it, a workhorse denomination that outlasted several monetary agreements he made and broke with his own subjects.

The 34-year production span of KM#397 reflects continuity of type rather than consistency of execution. Alloy quality in billon issues from Württemberg's smaller denominations fluctuated noticeably across the reign.