1 Kasu - Ganapathi Coin

The Madurai Nayaks ruled as nominal vassals of the Vijayanagara empire but functioned in practice as an independent dynasty following Vijayanagara's collapse after Talikota in 1565. Copper kasu of this type circulated through a regional economy built heavily on textile trade — Madurai was a major center of cotton production and pilgrimage revenue tied to the Meenakshi temple complex. The long attribution window of over a century reflects genuine difficulty in assigning specific kasu issues to individual Nayak rulers, as regnal die variation for copper remains poorly systematized in the scholarship.