1 Kardez - Hetoum I dotted border, seated on bench type

Hetoum I ruled Cilician Armenia for nearly half a century, longer than any other king of that dynasty, and spent much of that reign navigating the existential pressure of Mongol expansion. His 1254 submission to Möngke Khan — an in-person journey to Karakorum — secured Armenian survival at the cost of vassalage, a calculated bet that largely paid off. The copper kardez circulated through a kingdom that was simultaneously a Crusader ally, a Mongol tributary, and an active trading corridor between the Mediterranean and the Silk Road.

The dotted border variety is a recognized die distinction within the broader seated-figure series, useful for narrowing attribution within the forty-four year span this type covers.