1 Heller - Frederick II

Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was one of the more administratively coherent of the Ernestine Saxon duchies, a distinction that mattered little to the peasants and tradespeople who actually handled Heller coinage. Frederick II ruled from 1691 until his death in 1732, and the copper issues produced across this eighteen-year span served the duchy's smallest daily transactions at a time when the fractional copper coinage of the Thuringian states was notoriously inconsistent in weight and striking quality — a chronic problem the Kreis authorities repeatedly failed to resolve.