1 Heller ELE

The Cathedral Chapter of Münster operated as an independent issuing authority for small copper coinage well into the early modern period, a privilege jealously guarded against encroachment by both the Prince-Bishops and secular territorial lords. Heller denominations from ecclesiastical chapters are among the least-documented issues in Westphalian numismatics — Weingärtner's catalog remains the primary reference precisely because so few serious studies have addressed chapter coinage specifically.

KM#410 places this within a narrow window of chapter-authorized issues before Westphalian ecclesiastical minting rights were curtailed.