1 Heller - Charles Theodor

Charles Theodor inherited Bavaria in 1777 under the Succession of 1777, having previously ruled the Palatinate — a dynastic consolidation that was almost immediately contested by Joseph II, triggering the brief War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778–79. These small copper heller were the lowest denomination in daily circulation throughout a reign marked by chronic fiscal strain and the elector's deep unpopularity in Bavaria, where he was resented as a Palatinate outsider with little interest in his new territory.

The nineteen-year date range reflects continuous restriking from essentially unchanged dies rather than distinct annual issues.