1 Großpfennig - Rudolf von Habsburg

Rudolf I's election in 1273 ended the Interregnum — a two-decade vacancy in the imperial throne during which central authority had collapsed so thoroughly that minting rights fragmented across hundreds of local lords, bishops, and free cities. Rudolf spent much of his reign clawing back those rights, though the Großpfennig denominations issued under his authority reflect how piecemeal that effort remained. Menadier 73 is attributed to the Rhine region, where competing ecclesiastical mints made consistent imperial coinage nearly impossible to enforce.