1 Groschen - Frederick Ulrich Kipper

Frederick Ulrich's groschen belongs to the Kipper und Wipper crisis — one of the most destructive currency debasements in European history, peaking between 1619 and 1623. Princes, cities, and petty lords across the Holy Roman Empire raced to debase their billon coinage, collect good silver, and flood neighboring territories with underweight issues before anyone could refuse them. Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was no passive victim; Frederick Ulrich's mints actively participated.

The crisis collapsed when enough territories simultaneously refused debased coins, triggering regional monetary panic. Kipper-period survivors are common by type but rarely attributable to a single issuer with confidence — KM#337 is one of the better-documented Brunswick emissions from the worst years.