1 Groschen - Frederick II

Frederick II "Iron Tooth" ruled Brandenburg from 1440 until his abdication in 1470, spending much of his reign in bitter conflict with the towns of the Kurmark — including Berlin and Cölln, which he forcibly subordinated in 1448 in what Berliners later called the "Berlin Indignation." That political consolidation gave him direct control over mint revenues previously shared with the civic authorities. The groschen coinage of his reign reflects that shift: output increased markedly after 1448.