1 Groat - Robert III of Bethune Tournois castle

Robert III of Béthune struck these groats during a politically fraught window immediately following the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302, when Flemish counts were reasserting administrative and monetary authority stripped away during years of French occupation. The Tournois castle type derives directly from the French gros tournois of Louis IX — a deliberate borrowing of a trusted monetary form at a moment when Flemish commercial credibility needed reinforcing, not reinvention.

The issue spans barely fourteen months before monetary reforms curtailed this specific type.