1 Groat - Philip the Handsome lilies, roses reverse

Philip the Handsome's administration of the Low Countries was marked by persistent fiscal strain and fractious relations with the States of Holland, who jealously guarded their right to approve coinage. This groat was struck during the brief window between Philip assuming effective control of Holland in 1493 and his departure for Spain in 1496 to press his dynastic claim — a period when mint output was tightly negotiated between the Burgundian court and local estates.

The billon fineness of .320 reflects deliberate debasement policy, not metallurgical accident.