1 Groat - Edward IV heavy coinage, group III

Edward IV's heavy coinage revived the full pre-debasement weight standard as a deliberate political statement against the monetary chaos of the late Lancastrian period. Group III within this series is distinguished by specific annulet and trefoil stop arrangements that allow attribution to particular mints and officinae — details that occupied Spink and North considerably in establishing the sequence. The coinage was short-lived; by 1464 Edward himself abandoned the heavy standard in favor of a lighter weight, responding to bullion outflows that were draining English silver abroad faster than the mints could replace it.