1 Groat - Arnold V Tournois castle

Arnold V of Loon ruled during a period when the groot tournois — modeled on the French gros tournois of Louis IX — was spreading rapidly through the Low Countries as regional lords scrambled to issue competitive silver coinage capable of functioning in long-distance trade. The County of Loon, sandwiched between the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and the Duchy of Brabant, had limited monetary independence in practice, and Arnold's imitative groats reflect that precarious position rather than any strong autonomous mint tradition.

The forty-four year span of this attribution reflects genuine uncertainty in the literature — Baerten and Lucas assign overlapping but not identical date ranges, and die studies have not resolved the sequencing conclusively.