1 Grano - Carlo II Palermo mint, large eagle

Carlo II of Spain — the last Habsburg ruler of Sicily — was so physically and mentally debilitated by generations of dynastic inbreeding that governance of his territories fell almost entirely to court factions competing for influence over a king who could barely function. The Sicilian copper coinage of his final years was produced under these conditions of administrative near-collapse, with the Palermo mint operating under viceregal authority rather than any meaningful royal direction.

The "large eagle" distinction separating this type from related issues is a die classification established by Spahr, whose work on Spanish-period Sicilian coinage remains the primary reference. Carlo died in 1700 without an heir, triggering the War of Spanish Succession and ending Habsburg rule in Sicily entirely.