1 Goldgulden - John II

John II of Cleves — called "the Baby" due to a developmental condition that left him mentally impaired throughout his adult life — ruled the duchy for over fifty years despite never governing in any meaningful capacity. Actual authority rested with his wife, Mechthild of Hesse, and later with his son John III. That a gold gulden was struck in his name as late as 1503 reflects the dynasty's need to project ducal legitimacy through coinage regardless of who actually held power.