1 Goldgulden - Francis of Waldeck

Francis of Waldeck held the see of Osnabrück from 1532 while simultaneously occupying the bishoprics of Münster and Minden — an accumulation of ecclesiastical territories that made him one of the most politically entangled prelates in northwestern Germany during the Reformation. He was a consistent opponent of Protestant encroachment despite presiding over dioceses where Lutheran influence was rapidly gaining ground, and his coinage served the practical demands of administering those overlapping jurisdictions.

The Goldgulden weight of approximately 3.23g follows the Rhenish standard that had governed German gold coinage since the late fourteenth century.