1 Giulio - Leo X

Leo X — Giovanni de' Medici — was elected pope in March 1513 and almost immediately set about financing an extravagant court and an ambitious rebuilding program at St. Peter's. The indulgence sales he authorized to fund that construction directly provoked Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. The Parma mint operated under papal authority during his pontificate as part of a broader effort to consolidate coinage across the Papal States, though Parma's output remained modest relative to Rome.

The giulio denomination itself had been introduced under Julius II, Leo's predecessor, and Leo continued striking it across multiple mints. Berman 711 covers the Parma-attributed pieces specifically.