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1 Giulio - Julius II PASTOR DOCTOR
| Issuer | Papal States |
|---|---|
| Year | 1503-1513 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | IVLIVS·II·PONT·MAX· |
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| Reverse script | Latin |
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| Additional information |
Julius II issued this giulio during a pontificate defined less by theology than by warfare. He personally led papal armies in the field — armored, on horseback — to reclaim territories lost under the Borgias, famously retaking Bologna in 1506. Erasmus was so scandalized by the warrior pope that he wrote the satirical dialogue Julius Exclusus, in which St. Peter refuses Julius entry to heaven on account of his militarism.
The giulio itself was a denomination Julius inherited from his predecessor Pius III, standardized under the reform coinage of the late 15th-century papacy at roughly one tenth of a ducat.