1 Giulio - Innocent XI QVID PRODEST HOMINI

Innocent XI — Benedetto Odescalchi — was elected in 1676 after a conclave that lasted five weeks, and his papacy was defined almost entirely by his confrontation with Louis XIV over Gallicanism and the limits of royal control over the French church. The 1681 date falls squarely in that struggle, two years before the French clergy's Four Articles formally codified Gallican doctrine against Rome.

The QVID PRODEST HOMINI type takes its motto from Mark 8:36, a verse Innocent returned to repeatedly in his moral reform program — he banned carnivals, restricted women's dress in Rome, and curtailed gambling with genuine administrative force rather than mere proclamation.