1 Giulio - Clement X DA PACEM DOMINE IN DIEBVS NOSTRIS

Clement X, born Emilio Altieri at age 79, was elected pope in 1670 after a five-month conclave deadlocked between French and Spanish factions. His papacy coincided with Louis XIV's invasion of the Dutch Republic in 1672 — the Rampjaar, or "Disaster Year" — which destabilized much of Catholic Europe and prompted genuine anxiety in Rome about the balance of power on the continent. The inscription DA PACEM DOMINE IN DIEBVS NOSTRIS was not decorative piety; it was a direct response to an active war.