Gilan province, on the Caspian littoral, operated semi-autonomously within the Safavid administrative structure for much of the dynasty's duration, and its local copper coinage reflects that ambiguity. Fulus issues from this region were produced for purely local exchange — silver and gold moved through imperial channels, copper stayed put — which is precisely why so few survived in collectible condition. They circulated hard and were rarely saved.
Album 3232 covers a loose grouping of Gilan fulus types, and attribution within the series remains contested due to inconsistent die cutting and the absence of reliable mint records from the provincial workshops.
Gilan province, on the Caspian littoral, operated semi-autonomously within the Safavid administrative structure for much of the dynasty's duration, and its local copper coinage reflects that ambiguity. Fulus issues from this region were produced for purely local exchange — silver and gold moved through imperial channels, copper stayed put — which is precisely why so few survived in collectible condition. They circulated hard and were rarely saved.
Album 3232 covers a loose grouping of Gilan fulus types, and attribution within the series remains contested due to inconsistent die cutting and the absence of reliable mint records from the provincial workshops.