1 Fen / 1 Cent Bronze

Kwangtung (Guangdong) operated one of China's most active provincial mints during the early Republic period, and its bronze output in these years was enormous — yet attribution can be frustrating, as the province continued striking coins with machinery and dies that pre-dated the 1912 revolution by years. The Y#417 type bridges the Qing-to-Republic transition in the most literal mechanical sense.

Canton Mint output during this window was periodically disrupted by the turbulent politics of Guangdong, which changed military and political hands multiple times between 1912 and 1918 — Sun Yat-sen's successive attempts to establish a southern government directly implicated the province's finances and its mint's operational continuity.