1 Falus Qandahar

Qandahar's civic copper issues of this period reflect the city's contested status — it changed hands repeatedly between the Safavid and Mughal empires throughout the seventeenth century, with the two powers fighting at least six major campaigns over the city between 1622 and 1649. By the 1660s, Mughal control had finally stabilized, and local administrative minting resumed under that authority. City-issued falus of this type circulated in a market economy where imperial silver was often absent from everyday transactions entirely.