1 Falus - Madan Simha Deva Kingdom of Champaran

The Kingdom of Champaran occupied the Terai foothills of what is now northern Bihar, a transit zone between the Gangetic plains and the Nepal hills that made it perpetually contested. Madan Simha Deva ruled during a period when smaller Hindu kingdoms in this corridor were under sustained pressure from the expanding Jaunpur Sultanate to the west. Local copper coinage of this type served regional markets where Delhi and Jaunpur issues circulated only unevenly.

Mitchell's attribution in NI#205 remains the primary scholarly anchor for this type, reflecting how thinly documented Champaran's numismatic output is relative to its neighbors.