1 Falus - Ali Adil Shah II

Ali Adil Shah II inherited the Bijapur Sultanate at age four in 1656, ruling under a regency dominated first by his mother and then by a succession of competing nobles. His reign coincided with relentless Mughal pressure from the north and the devastating rise of Shivaji, whose Maratha forces sacked Bijapur's territories repeatedly through the 1660s. Copper falus from this period circulated in an economy under genuine siege — tribute demands, military expenditure, and territorial loss all compressing the sultanate's fiscal base simultaneously.

Ali Adil Shah II died in 1672 without a direct heir, effectively opening the door to the Mughal annexation that would follow within two decades.