1 Fals - Anonymous Mardin mint

The Artuqid dynasty, a Turkmen line that held Mardin from the early 12th century onward, produced anonymous copper fulus precisely because the fractional economy of the medieval Islamic world ran on trust in local authority rather than named sovereignty. Attributing a coin to a specific ruler within this series is notoriously difficult; Album 3206 covers a range of issues where the absence of a caliph's name or a ruling amir's title was deliberate policy, not an oversight.

Mardin itself, perched on a steep escarpment in the Tur Abdin, was never a major mint for precious metals — copper dominated its output throughout the Artuqid period.