1 Escudo - Carlos II milled

Carlos II, the last Habsburg king of Spain, died in November 1700 after a reign marked by severe administrative dysfunction and near-constant monetary manipulation. The milled coinage introduced in the latter decades of his reign was itself a reform measure — an attempt to combat the endemic clipping and counterfeiting that had plagued the cob (macuquina) issues for over a century. A 1699 date places this piece among the final emissions of a dying dynasty, struck just months before the king's death triggered the War of the Spanish Succession.