1 Duit MO EC

Arnhem held municipal minting rights intermittently during the later sixteenth century, and this duit belongs to a short window when the city exercised them directly — unusual even by Dutch Republic standards, where provincial and municipal coinage authority was perpetually contested. The "MO EC" legend denotes Moneta Ecclesiae or civic monetary authority, distinguishing it from provincial issues struck at Gelderland's own facilities.

The three-year production window coincides with a period of acute small-change shortage across the eastern Netherlands, driven by Spanish disruption of established trade routes.