1 Ducaton - Charles II Third bust

Charles II of Spain never set foot in Brabant, and by the 1680s the duchy was administered entirely through a succession of Spanish governors-general in Brussels. The ducaton was Brabant's workhorse trade coin, circulating heavily through the southern Netherlands commercial networks at a time when Spanish Habsburg authority there was already financially strained — Madrid's chronic insolvency meant local mints often operated with irregular bullion supply, which accounts for the relatively compressed date range of this third bust variety.

The KM#105.1 and 105.2 distinction tracks a die variation in the bust rendering, both attributable to the Antwerp mint.