1 Ducaton - Charles II Second bust

Charles II of Spain never set foot in Brabant, yet the duchy's mint at Antwerp was obligated to strike his effigy through each awkward phase of his reign. The "second bust" designation marks a revision to the portrait type introduced during this narrow three-year window — the kind of administrative update driven by the Spanish Netherlands' complex system of mint oversight, where the Brussels assay office and local mintmasters negotiated design changes through official ordinances rather than royal decree. Two die varieties are cataloged (KM#103.1 and .2), reflecting incremental punch modifications rather than any policy shift.