1 Ducat - Rudolf II

Deventer held a precarious position during the Dutch Revolt — occupied by Spanish forces under Parma in 1587 after a notorious betrayal by the English governor Sir William Stanley, then retaken by the Dutch in 1591. These ducats were struck under the nominal authority of Rudolf II, whose portrait appeared on the coinage of countless cities he had little practical control over. The city's right to strike gold was a commercial necessity in a region where trade demanded hard currency that Spanish-controlled mints could no longer reliably supply.

The Delmonte reference places this among the rarer municipal gold issues of the northern Netherlands.