1 Ducat - Batavian Republic Utrecht, square, copper, obverse

The Batavian Republic (1795–1806) was a French satellite state established after revolutionary forces swept out the old Dutch Republic. Utrecht's square copper ducat occupies an odd corner of that monetary story: these pieces were struck not as circulating currency but as coin weights — used by money changers and merchants to verify the gold ducats that remained in heavy commercial use even as the political order above them collapsed and reformed. The 1802 date falls squarely in the period when Napoleon was consolidating his grip on nominally independent client states, two years before he declared himself Emperor.