1 Doppia - Clement XI

Clement XI's pontificate was defined almost entirely by the catastrophe of the War of the Spanish Succession, in which the Papal States backed the wrong claimant — the Austrian Habsburgs — and paid dearly for it. Spanish troops occupied Comacchio in 1708, and the pope was effectively coerced into recognizing Philip V the following year. This doppia was struck in the immediate aftermath of that humiliation, when the temporal authority of the papacy over Italian affairs was at its lowest point in decades.

The same year also saw Clement embroiled in the opening stages of the Jansenist controversy that would consume his reign, culminating in the bull Unigenitus in 1713.