1 Doppia - Charles Emmanuel I

Charles Emmanuel I spent the first decade of the seventeenth century mired in the War of the Monferrato Succession, a costly conflict against Mantua backed by Spanish and French interference that drained Savoyard finances considerably. Gold doppie of this period were instruments of diplomatic as much as commercial exchange — the duke maintained an expensive court and an active foreign policy that required hard currency in quantities his territory struggled to sustain.

MIR 584 distinguishes several die variants across the run; attribution to a specific emission requires close attention to the mintmaster's mark.