1 Dirham - Muhammad b. 'Abbad

Muhammad b. 'Abbad was among the last Muslim administrators governing under the Hohenstaufen crown in Sicily, operating in an increasingly precarious position as Frederick II systematically dismantled what remained of Islamic administrative autonomy on the island. These billon dirhams represent the terminal phase of Arab-Norman monetary tradition in the west of Sicily — a coinage that borrowed Islamic metrology while functioning within a Christian feudal structure. The weight drop from earlier silver issues reflects the deteriorating silver supply available to regional mints by the early thirteenth century.