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1 Dirham - Jibra'il b. 'Umar
| Issuer | Eastern Qarakhanid Khaganate |
|---|---|
| Year | 1101 |
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| Currency | Dinar (840-1212) |
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| Obverse description | Central field features a distinctive triangular dotted border motif with Arabic legends arranged around and within it, characteristic of Qarakhanid billon coinage. The die-struck inscription is executed in angular Kufic script, with additional epigraphic elements occupying the upper field above the central device. A circular inner border separates the central design from a peripheral marginal legend running around the coin's edge. The surface displays the irregular flan typical of hammered billon dirhams of the period, with moderate wear and patination consistent with circulation. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse script | Arabic |
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| Additional information |
Jibra'il b. 'Umar ruled as a minor Eastern Qarakhanid khan during a period of intense fragmentation, when the khaganate had effectively split into competing eastern and western branches locked in dynastic conflict. Issues struck under lesser Qarakhanid rulers of this generation are poorly documented in the primary sources, and die combinations matching A#3389 turn up rarely enough that their mint attribution remains contested among specialists.