Abu Kalinjar was the longest-reigning Buyid amir, holding power from 1024 until his death in 1048, but his authority over Fars and its mint at Shiraz was never unchallenged — he spent much of his reign managing fractious vassals and negotiating with the Ghaznavids pressing from the east. The Buyid confederacy was fragmenting badly by the 1030s, with different branches controlling Iraq, Kirman, and Fars in uneasy parallel. Coins from Shiraz in this period frequently bear dual acknowledgment of Buyid and Abbasid authority, a political necessity rather than deference.
Abu Kalinjar was the longest-reigning Buyid amir, holding power from 1024 until his death in 1048, but his authority over Fars and its mint at Shiraz was never unchallenged — he spent much of his reign managing fractious vassals and negotiating with the Ghaznavids pressing from the east. The Buyid confederacy was fragmenting badly by the 1030s, with different branches controlling Iraq, Kirman, and Fars in uneasy parallel. Coins from Shiraz in this period frequently bear dual acknowledgment of Buyid and Abbasid authority, a political necessity rather than deference.